The purpose of the present study is to employ René Girard’ s concept of “ metaphysical Desire” in a comparative study of Pinter’ s The Lover and Stoppard’ s The Real Thing. René Girard has investigated the idea of Imitative Desire in a rather distinguished way. He contends that the nature of Desires is neither innate nor autonomous, but rather we borrow them from the others. He argues for the idea that human beings are always looking for stronger mediators to gratify their Desires. The Imitative Desire itself, once satisfied, is not gratified and the search for stronger impulses or mediators always continues in a never-ending process that Gerard refers to as “ metaphysical Desire” . The present research intends to look for metaphysical Desire in the lives of the characters, wherewith they can examine the role of the mediator in the characters’ lives as well. Since metaphysical Desire, as Gerard argues, leads individuals either to perfection or destruction and alienation, the characters are shown to imitate their metaphysical Desire leading them to experience destructive consequences and family corruption. Consequently, the characters who have pursued their metaphysical Desire on the verge of a negative sideline all fail to enjoy a life they long for, and are subject to alienation and misfortunes within which they constantly experience great pains. The characters also turn into obstacle-addicts who, metamorphosed into masochists and losing their lives for good, find no chances to change life as they long for.

The purpose of the present study is to discuss Girard’, s Imitative Desire in Pinter’, s Betrayal, and Stoppard’, s The Coast of Utopia. René,Noë, l Thé, ophile Girard (1923-2015), a French literary critic and philosopher, has elaborated on the idea of Imitative Desire. He discusses that our Desires are not autonomous, but we borrow our Desires from others. Since human beings think their drives do belong to them, the object of Desire or the Desired love becomes an issue of rivalry among the rivals. If such a dissention is not resolved, chaos will result. To solve it, an object, namely a human being is to be sacrificed to restore the unity of a nation. Since women characters are marginalized in patriarchal societies, they are mostly sacrificed in the selected plays. Sometimes, double mediation occurs for those who imitate others’,Desires. That is, their Desires are copied by others at the same time. In other words, man sacrifices out of his Imitative Desire to engender power and attraction. Therefore, the male characters in the selected plays covet objects/other human beings belonging to others. This act might cost other people’, s lives and metamorphosing female characters to mere objects prone to sacrifice and commodification.

Supportive action is one of the expressions of warm interaction between people in society, which is done by people having different reasons and motivations and under different conditions. This study was conducted to investigate the conditions governing the supportive actions and people’s strategies. In order to achieve the goal, support action and the conditions of its occurrence in different schools of sociology and the opinions of the main experts in this field were reviewed. Then, using the grounded theory, an in-depth interview was conducted with 22 people living in the city of Mashhad, about different experiences of supportive actions and the reasons for doing them. Since in this research, reaching the maximum diversity of the perspective of the actors was considered, purposeful sampling was used. The main criterion for the selection of participants was experiencing the phenomenon under study. For this purpose, first some indicators such as religious view, age group, education, income, and economic origin were determined so that completely different examples can be considered based on them. The interviews were coded in open, central and selective levels. Finally 35 main categories were identified, which were placed in four categories of conditions (causal, interventional and contextual), action strategies, consequences, and core categories. The results showed that the core category was identified under the title “mixing of pre-modern semantic receptions and modern instrumental patterns in the promotion of support actions”. Another core category was identified as “going from family-oriented, religious, duty-oriented support to community-oriented, duty-oriented support”.

According to general opinion, “imitation” is considered as the opposite of “creativity”. In architectural design, which is based on creativity, the same perspective is, likewise, prevalent to some degree. Some instructors imply upon students that imitation opposes creativity by issuing statements such as, “Be creative, and do not imitate others”. This paper, by “conceptualization” and logical reasoning of theories from a psychological viewpoint of Imitative learning, traces the creative act in the right-brain from its Imitative inception in the left-brain hemisphere, postulating that “proper imitation” is the motor of “creativity”.The concept of “tacit imitation” is then presented in the paper, and its essential role proved in the transfer of “tacit knowledge” of design skills from the architecture educator to the learner. Finally, the path for further research is indicated by suggesting questions about the “proper imitation for learning architectural design.”

Objective The present study was performed to examine the effects of two speech therapy methods on six verbal behaviors of autistic children, including oral speech, listening, organizing, speaking, semantics, and syntax.Materials & Methods In this study, thirty children with autism were assigned to one of two groups: Imitative and cognitive groups. Before starting the main procedures of the study, the children of both groups were homogenized concerning their autism level.In the first phase of the study, the speech development level of the two groups was measured in a pre-test, in which both groups showed similar results. Then, both groups of children received 6 months of speech therapy instruction, during which one group was taught using an Imitative method, while the other group was being worked with cognitive method.Results After 6-month treatment period, a post-test was done, and the t-tests based on the data of the two groups revealed a significant difference between the results.Conclusion The statistics showed that after the teaching period, autistic that worked with cognitive method gained a better development in their speech abilities, comparing to those worked with the Imitative method.

Imitation brand and the factors affecting it and the buying behavior of consumers of luxury brands are emerging issues that have not been comprehensively addressed in previous researches. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate and explain the Imitative brand model in the purchase behavior of luxury brands in internet businesses. This research is of an applied type in terms of its purpose, and it is descriptive-survey based on the method of data collection. The data were collected using a standard researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the current research, managers (superior, middle and operational) active in the field of internet businesses were selected, and a total of 158 people were identified. Also, the number of samples was determined using Cochran's formula of 113 people, and stratified random method based on organizational position was used. To collect data related to the variables, a researcher-made questionnaire taken from the doctoral thesis and article of Rahimzadeh et al. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used using Smart PLS4 software. The results indicate that all indicators and factors affecting the imitator brand in buying behavior of luxury brands have a factor load of more than 0.4, so the indicators and factors are confirmed. Also, the model of factors affecting the imitation brand in the buying behavior of luxury brands has been drawn and the effect of the causal factors on the imitation brand in the buying behavior of luxury brands and contextual and environmental factors on the strategies have been significant, as well as the strategies have a positive and significant effect on the consequences and results. has it. And at the end, it was shown that the presented model has a good fit. Imitation brand factors in buying behavior of luxury brands in internet businesses can be suggested as a practical and comprehensive package for all business managers in general and internet businesses in particular.

Objective: To find out reasons for fertility Desire or fertility disinterest among people living in Tehran, Iran.Methods: This was a population-based study. A sample of married individuals living in all 22 districts in Tehran recruited and was asked to indicate reasons for Desire or disinterest for fertility. Data were collected via a single open question. Participants were free to name several reasons as they wish. Descriptive analysis was used to explore the data.Results: In all 1200 individuals (600 male and 600 female) were interviewed. The mean age of participants was 33.6 (SD=7.31) years. The most important reason for fertility Desire was wish to experience parenthood (90.7%) followed by having inadequate number of children (72.4%) and interest in having a crowded family (64.1%). The most important reason for disinterest for fertility was worrying about the future of the new child (83.2%) followed by economic problems (77.5%), and having adequate number of children (74.5%).Conclusion: The findings might help health policy makers to implement appropriate interventions if they wish to improve population growth rate for the country.

Bazaars are among the few historical buildings that still continue to operate. The Bazaar in a city has been important not only from economic aspects but also from cultural and social aspects. Today, the empty space of such urban spaces, which can become a lasting space by creating a sense of belonging and peace, while meeting the needs of today's people, is felt very much. Sound is one of the main factors in creating memories in the human mind. In order to investigate the role of sound in the traditional architecture of Iran, a research was conducted in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The final goal of this research is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative conditions of the sound using sound meter software in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The permissible level of noise pollution in urban spaces is 60 decibels based on the resolution of the Supreme Council of Environmental Protection of Iran for commercial areas. The results of this research indicate that in the quietest conditions, the noise pollution for at least 33% of the Bazzar space is higher than the maximum allowed amount of noise pollution. How to improve the sound conditions in Vakil Bazzar, such as reducing noise by creating a masking sound source, creating a pond and a fountain, is one of the most important results of this research.

Objective (s): To find out facilitators and هinhibitors for fertility Desire among married people. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on a convenient sample of married citizens referred to comprehensive centers of urban and rural health services in Khomeini city, Isfahan province, Iran in 2018. Data were collected using a questionnaire. For analyzing data, descriptive tests were performed using SPSS 20 software. Results: A total of 400 married individuals were entered into the study. The mean (SD) age of participants was 33. 2 (6. 75) years. The most commonly facilitating factors included decrease in treatment cost for infertility (76%), fear of fertility at higher age (74. 8%), improved techniques for childbirth (62. 5%), the belief that childbearing could strengthen family life (58. 6%), the help one might receive from child later in life (52/15%). The most important preventive reasons were: concern about future education (80. 3%) and job (80. 3%) and economic problems by bringing new children (58. 5%), and inadequate income (57. 3%). Conclusion: The findings from the study indicated a number of facilitating and inhibiting factors for fertility Desire among married individuals. It seems that any interventions without considering such factors might be unsuccessful.

Humans have a natural Desire for survival and immortality. God Almighty has also given humans eternal life, which will be realized in the Hereafter. On the other hand, a pious person should be eager to meet God in the Hereafter. In the meantime, how to reconcile the Desire for a longer life, even though it is accompanied by obedience in this world, with the Desire to meet God in the Hereafter, is considered one of the challenging issues. The purpose of this article is to answer this problem with a rational and narrative method. There are rational and narrative evidences for the two. After stating the basics and prerequisites to answer this question, the author comes to the conclusion that praying for a longer life to serve God Almighty is a valuable thing and its lack is considered a defect.